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Instructor's solutions manual for A Course in Modern Mathematical
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- Re: parameter initialization expressions
It's an implemntation issue. It doesn't need a directive from
the standard, but it certainly would help.
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- Re: Build system for Fortran
[make include description snipped]
Huh. I did not know that (might explain some strange requests for help from other users
though....)
Thanks,
paulv
- Re: parameter initialization expressions
Even if there were, too many program(mer)s assume that kind=8 is double
precision, kind=4 is default integer/default real and that
integer(kind=8) exists. That goes back to the rather common REAL*8
syntax; although kind numbers do not need to be the same, many users
assume they are!
The NAG compiler, which uses by default different kind numbers, has
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- Re: parameter initialization expressions
A gfortran compiler flag I had not discovered. Thanks!
- Re: parameter initialization expressions
news:WMqmn.12597$pv.5700@news-server.bigpond.net.au...
OK. But I don't think the language standards will ever be written at that
level of detail. [smile].
--- e
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- Re: parameter initialization expressions
There's no need whatsoever for anything like that.
All that is required is for vendors to use different kind numbers
for EVERY kind type.
This is perfectly permissible, since the kind numbers are entirely arbitrary.
Thus, the problem could be solved virtually immediately.
- Re: parameter initialization expressions
An unfortunate choice of values! The constant "2" in the
expression "5/2" is NOT real. It is an integer.
It's the INTEGER-VALUED expression "5/2" that yields 2 exactly,
and it is that which is converted fo REAL for assignment to "A".
- Re: parameter initialization expressions
The parameter is REAL, because it is declared REAL.
You have "declared" the constant to be an INTEGER.
The fact that you have "declared" the constant to be INTEGER
doesn't make it REAL.
The fact that you have assigned an INTEGER constant to a REAL variable
doesn't make the constant REAL. It is still an INTEGER.
- Re: parameter initialization expressions
That's irrelevant.
What's relevant is that the constant is an INTEGER.
The constant 1_dp is NOT real. It's an INTEGER.
- Re: parameter initialization expressions
(snip)
1
(snip)
That helps, but it would be even better for the compiler to
detect attempts to use a KIND with the wrong type.
It is common, but not required, for the KIND values for INTEGER
and REAL to overlap. If they didn't, compilers would immediately
detect the use of a SELECTED_REAL_KIND value in an INTEGER context.
- Re: parameter initialization expressions
Notice that the compiler can help you:
gfortran -Wconversion test.f90 -o test
test.f90:4.24:
real(dp),parameter::a=1_dp,b=2 _dp,c=a/b,d=1_dp/2_dp
1
Warning: Conversion from INTEGER(8) to REAL(8) at (1)
test.f90:4.31:
real(dp),parameter::a=1_dp,b=2 _dp,c=a/b,d=1_dp/2_dp
1
- Re: Build system for Fortran
In article ,
Yes, I do this too with GNU make, but it is not standard (e.g. it is
not part of POSIX make) and there are current versions of make that
do not support it. For versions of make that do not support
include, there are several work arounds. One is to use some kind of
- Re: parameter initialization expressions
For me, the best part about this episode is a reminder that
initialization expressions are treated no differently than those
evaluated at runtime, and that kind parameters do not in any way specify
the type of the object.
- Re: parameter initialization expressions
wrote:
The parameter is real. What is not real is the expression that is
evaluated to compute the parameter value. That expression in your case
was 1_dp/2_dp, which is an integer expression giving zero. *AFTER* that
expression is evaluated to give 0, it is converted to a real 0.0d0 as
needed for the parameter.
- Re: parameter initialization expressions
But that does not make sense, though I too was confused by the
d=1_dp / 2_dp
I have learned that the types of operands on the right are not promoted to
(or related to) the type of the variable on the left. Instead, 1/2 is
truncated to 0 and assigned to d.
Suppose for the sake of argument that we want this type of error to be
- Re: parameter initialization expressions
Yes, a PARAMETER declared REAL has type REAL, even with the dot missing.
The usual rules for expressions evaluation still apply, though,
in determining the value.
REAL A
A=5/2
gives A the REAL value 2.0, after converting the INTEGER 2
to REAL. Similarly,
REAL, PARAMETER:: B=5/2
gives B the REAL value 2.0
- Re: parameter initialization expressions
I find this part terribly confusing. Not your answer per se, but the part about reals and integers.
If a parameter is declared as real, shouldn't it be considered as such even with the
dot missing ?
Kind only takes care of a range and precision (mantissa+exponent).
I can't think of a case where this would be useful, instead of just producing hard to spot errors
- Re: Existence of a file
I'll resort to this if the simple INQUIRE(EXIST..) fails.
- Re: Existence of a file
etc.
I'm going to start with this approach, and stick with it until I have a problem.
- Re: parameter initialization expressions
(nips)
Well, a is a PARAMETER and, as the declaration says, is REAL,
with KIND(DP).
-- glen
- Re: Build system for Fortran
Well, you *can* use bash case or if-then-else stuff in your makefiles, e.g.
all:
@echo "OS type detected: "`uname -s`
@case `uname -s` in \
"SunOS") make -f $(MAKE_FILE) build $(SUNOS_FLAGS) ;; \
"AIX") make -f $(MAKE_FILE) build $(AIX_FLAGS) ;; \
- Re: parameter initialization expressions
Because you have 1/2, which is integer division.
To make it real division, you must have something like
1.0_dp/2.0_dp.
But why not just write 0.5_dp? No monkey business there !
Note also that "a = 1_dp" is not what you think it is.
Again, here, the 1_dp is an INTEGER constant, not a REAL constant.
- Re: Build system for Fortran
In article ,
I agree about the practical advantages of using make and makefiles. I
also agree about its obvious shortcomings, most of which were obvious 25
or 30 years ago, have not yet been fixed, and probably will never be
fixed.
Among those shortcomings I would include the needless space/tab syntax
- Re: Build system for Fortran
You obviously haven't seen some of the toaster "incidents" that I have.
Starting from "The timer went off and the bread popped up not even
warmed; wonder if the heater element stopped working?", going on through
"I'm not about to eat that; I wonder if the dogs will?", and culminating
with "Glad someone was in the kitchen when that happened."
- Re: parameter initialization expressions
Yes. I personally think it would have been nicer still if kinds weren't
numeric. F90 introduced features that programmers can use to get away
from darn near everything being integer codes, but the language itself
doesn't take good advantage of those features. I sometimes think that at
least some of the people writing the language specs weren't yet
- Re: Fortran compiler suitable for Apple AND Windows?
...
Yeah. In my prior post, I misguessed the system he was talking about.
The Mac system names can be confusing, as I well know. (Not that Apple
is at all unique in that regard). In particular, a Mac Pro is a *VERY*
different system from a MacBook Pro. That "book" part of the name is
more important than it might look. (A MacBook Pro is also a nice system
- Re: Build system for Fortran
We use jam, with a customisation of the base build ruleset (jambase) to
make it fortran 90/95/2003 aware (parsing of USE statements to build the
dependency tree, ignoring INTRINSIC modules). Once set-up it works
quite nicely and is easy to extend, but it might be overkill for first
steps.
Make (and makefiles) persists because of the large body of existing
- Re: parameter initialization expressions
Both comments make perfect sense. I did a search and replace in a
larger code for items like 4d0 changing it to 4_dp, but forgot I needed
to add either an exponent or a decimal point. Trying to clean up old
code and got bit. Thanks to both of you for your answers.
- Re: parameter initialization expressions
1_dp and 2_dp are still integers, even if they have
the KIND of dp.
You would have a compile time error if no appropriate
INTEGER KIND existed.
It might have been nice if it was reqiured for KINDs not
to overlap between different types.
-- glen
- Re: parameter initialization expressions
Because a real literal constant must contain at least one of: a
decimal point or an exponent part (MR&C, p. 15). Yours contain
neither. Your constants are integers.
Regards,
Mike Metcalf
- parameter initialization expressions
Why does the following program produce 0.5 for c and 0 for d?
program testdp
implicit none
integer, parameter::dp=selected_real_ki nd(14)
real(dp),parameter::a=1_dp,b=2 _dp,c=a/b,d=1_dp/2_dp
write(*,*)c,d
end program testdp
- Re: Build system for Fortran
I've been using Makefiles and GNU Make for a lot of years. It's not the
easiest system, it's not the most feature-rich, but I'll tell you this
- it'll run on almost any platform there is. For that reason, I think
it's a good choice.
Do you really want your build system to be something you need to think
- Re: Build system for Fortran
Thanks to everyone who sent a suggestion.
Meanwhile, I tried TCBuild and SCons.
This is VERY preliminary results as I had no time to learn the tools.
First, writing TCBuild file is about as lengthy as writing a makefile.
The second drawback of the tool that it tries to recompile EVERY
fortran and C file in your directory. This approach is probably good
- Re: Fortran compiler suitable for Apple AND Windows?
Still using a 16bit DOS based compiler and old fashioned DOS interrupts.
Time to move on indeed.
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- Re: Existence of a file
It's been my experience that many processes can open and use the same file (in different
spots) at the same time. Although, that was on a IBM SP. Maybe "can be opened" means the
user in question has read and/or write permission for the file?
FWIW, the following snippet from my "File_Utility" module shows the functions I use (since
- Re: Fortran compiler suitable for Apple AND Windows?
The absence of page-up and page-down is more associated with it being
a laptop than its being a Mac. The mini keyboards on laptops all look a
lot alike so PC laptops would have similar problems. Full size Mac
keyboards look a lot like other full size keyboards back to the days of
VT100s with both a numerical pad and cursor and function cluster. Many
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